“Barkley Fully Supports NBA`s New Dress Code”

This argument is intended to show that Charles Barkley, a major star in the National Basketball Association (NBA), supports the unpopular dress code then-recently established by the league. The writer intends to show that the dress code has support among the players and that there are good reasons to support the code.The writer apparently wants the reader to understand that 1) some basketball players support this new rule, 2) that the manner in which people dress can make a difference in their lives, and 3) that some professional athletes can and do act as role models to their young fans.2. The occasion for the argument is both present and future. The first occasion arises from the ongoing argument that athletes should be role models for their fans, of which the dress code is a part. The second occasion for the argument is future, in that the present change that the author would like to effect would have an effect at a future date. 3. This article argues fact, evaluation, and proposa l. It argues fact by describing the actual dress code and the evidence of the other basketball players’ behavior in response to it.It evaluates that behavior and the probable effect that inappropriate dress might have on teens. Finally, it proposes different behaviors for basketball players as a group. 4. The target audience for this article appears to be basketball fans, particularly teenagers and their parents. 5. This article makes appeals from of logos and ethos. The author argues logically, stating cause and effect in terms of both how basketball players’ examples have an effect on their fans and 2) how an individual dresses affects other people’s perception.In addition, it argues using ethos when the author describes the words and actions of Julius Irving and of Jay Leno. 6. Charles Barkley is making the argument, which the author is reporting. Because Barkley is a basketball player himself, he appears to be reliable and to make a valid argument. 7. The au thor attempts to make himself appear trustworthy by interviewing Charles Barkley for his article. In addition, he provides illustrations of other basketball players, possibly to indicate that he knows–or at least knows of–the players of which he writes.8. Because Barkley was a basketball star and is currently employed as a TNT commentator, his words are already have authority. In addition, the author cites Julius Irving, the tape of the Jay Leno show, and the facts and figures involved in Barkley’s charitable work and business. 9. The arguments made do not define what the â€Å"appropriate† forms of dress might be, either according to the dress code or according to society. Nor does the argument define what it means to dress like a basketball player, as opposed to what it means to dress like other people.In addition, the author does not describe how Charles Barkley himself dresses. 10. There is some attempt to argue the dress code from a racial perspectiv e. However, a better argument that is also touched on is that young fans look up to professional athletes, who should provide good examples for them. The argument attempts to serve the interests of the fans, but professional athletes also gain from it by their increased credibility in the eyes of the public if they dress â€Å"appropriately. † 11. The argument is framed by the discussion of the filming of the Jay Leno segment.It is arranged as a story within a story, in which the author discusses a conversation that takes place during the event that he describes in the opening of the article. 12. The language of the article is straightforward and simple and addresses a topic that the audience cares about. It appeals to the audience by making its points in an easy to understand fashion. Work Cited Stewart, Larry. â€Å"Barkley Fully Supports NBA’s New Dress Code. † Name of Textbook, Editor name (ed. ). City of Publication: Publishing House, date. 729-730.

Marketing Strategies of Godrej

Godrej Marketing strategies of Godrej UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION Marketing is defined by American Marketing Association [AMA] as â€Å"the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. † Broadly â€Å"marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and organizations obtain what they want through creating and exchanging value with others. † Marketing has always been one of the most important and decisive tool in determining the sales and success of a particular company. Marketing does not only include advertising and publicizing about a particular product or service, but also means keeping up with the changing trends in the market and customer tastes and preferences. Thus, it includes the 4 P’s of marketing namely PRODUCT, PRICING, PROMOTION and PLACE (DISTRIBUTION). This project is based on the marketing strategies adopted by Godrej Company with reference to Godrej Interio & Godrej Consumer Products Ltd (GCPL). Godrej Interio is the largest company in the Rs 3000 crore organized furniture market. It has been upgrading its products to match the consumer’s tastes and preferences. GCPL became the first company in the world to develop the technology to manufacture soap with vegetable oils; that spirit of innovation has continued throughout the organization's history. Today Godrej is delivering consumers exciting innovations across a spectrum of businesses. Objectives and scope a) To study the marketing strategies of Godrej Interio & Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. b) To study the expansion of Godrej group by adopting the diversification strategy. c) To study the 4 P’s of marketing in relation to the steps taken by Godrej. Product: new product lines introduced and diversification of products. ? Price: kind of pricing adopted and comparison with other manufacturers. ? Place: manufacturing plants, wholesalers, retail outlets. ? Promotion: promotion and advertising of the products of the group. d) To conduct a SWOT analysis to list out the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the group. e) To study the profitability of various products of the grou p. f) To compare and analyze the products of the group with the major competitors in the market segment. The performance of any company in an industry is dependent on various micro and macro environmental factors, this projects extends to the marketing aspects of the group, the profitability of various products manufactured by the group, the various strategic alternatives adopted by the group since its inception to increase their market share. Methodology 1) The data collected for the study of marketing strategies of Godrej & Boyce group is largely secondary data which will be taken with the help of Google search engine, websites related to the products of the group, text books, magazines and newspapers. ) The help of Godrej outlets and marketing team members of the group will be taken to understand the strategies of the company. 3) Various tables, graphs, matrix and ratios will be used to analyze the profitability, growth and market share of the company. Limitations a) The study is only related to a particular company in the industry. b) The information to be used in this project is se condary as it will be taken from newspapers, internet and magazines. The ratios, graphs and tables are based on my observations and do not refer to the views of experts in the industry in general. Hence, there may be chances of discrepancies in the observations. c) The prices of various products to be mentioned are subject fluctuation depending on the sales, discounts, state and period. UNIT-2 INDUSTRY PROFILE Furniture and Interiors Industry in India The furniture industry in India is estimated to be worth Euro 5 Billion. Within this, the wooden furniture accounts for Euro 750 million. Of this the imported furniture market is currently worth Euro 75 million and is growing at 50 – 60% each year. The furniture sector in India only makes a marginal contribution to the GDP, representing about 0. 5 per cent of the total GDP. The major part of this industry is in the informal sector that is, about 85%. The remaining 15% is in the formal sector and is made up of manufactures and importers catering to the various segment of the industry. Some of the major segments in furniture industry are Residential, Office, Contract and Institutional. There are other segments also based on the application (Kitchen, Bathroom, Bedroom, etc. or on the raw material (wooden, plastic, metal, bamboo, etc). These industry segments includes big payers from the formal sector such as Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Co. Ltd. , BP Ergo, Featherlite, Haworth, Style Spa, Yantra, Renaissance, Millenium Lifestyles, Durian, Kian, Tangent, Furniture Concepts, Furniturewala, Zuari, Truzo, N R Jasani & Company, V3 Engineers, PSL Modular Furniture, etc. According to one market survey home improvements (38%) and leisure holidays (37%) as the two pursuits Indian consumers are willing to indulge in. Many of the world's leading home fashion brands are available in India through domestic retail outlets. Interior decorating is a burgeoning industry in India. Though formerly seen as a facet of architecture, the growing middle class has caused an increased demand for custom-designed decor and furnishings. This extends from residential design to other sectors, such as public offices and retail centers. As of 2010, India is faced with the challenge of introducing new interior design education options that will not only increase the number of professional esigners in the country, but also set guidelines for practicing environmentally and socially responsible design. The major competitors of Godrej Interio are †¢ Zuari †¢ Alder †¢ Greaken †¢ Durien †¢ Vista INDUSTRY PROFILE OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS IN INDIA FMCG industry,  alternatively called as CPG (Consumer packaged goods) industry primarily deals with the production, distribution and marketing of consumer packa ged goods. The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) is those consumables which are normally consumed by the consumers at a regular interval. Some of the prime activities of FMCG industry are selling, marketing, financing, purchasing, etc. The industry also engaged in operations, supply chain, production and general management. FMCG industry  provides a wide range of consumables and accordingly the amount of money circulated against FMCG products is also very high. The competition among FMCG manufacturers is also growing and as a result of this, investment in FMCG industry is also increasing, specifically in India, where FMCG industry is regarded as the fourth largest sector with total market size of US$13. billion. FMCG Sector in India is estimated to grow 60% by 2010. FMCG industry is regarded as the largest sector in New Zealand which accounts for 5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Common FMCG products Some common FMCG product categories include food and dairy products, glassware, paper products, pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics, packaged food products, plastic goods, printing and stationery, household products, photography, drinks etc. and some of the examples of FMCG products are coffee, tea, dry cells, greeting cards, gifts, detergents, tobacco and igarettes, watches, soaps etc. Market potentiality of FMCG industry Some of the merits of FMCG industry, which made this industry as a potential one, are low operational cost, strong distribution networks, presence of renowned FMCG companies. Population growth is another factor which is responsible behind the success of this industry. Leading FMCG companies Some of the well known FMCG companies are Sara Lee, Nestle, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg, Kleenex, General Mills, Pepsi and Mars etc. UNIT-3 Godrej profile The Godrej Group is one of the respected business houses of India. The group has diverse business interests ranging from engineering to personal care products. Companies operating under the Godrej Group are involved in a host of businesses – from locks and safes to typewriters and word processors, from refrigerators and furniture to machine tools and process equipment, from engineering workstations to cosmetics and detergents, from edible oils and chemicals to agro products. Godrej Group is also well-known for its philosophy and initiation of labour reforms. Godrej Consumer Products Ltd Godrej Consumer Products is a leading player in the Indian FMCG market with interests in personal, hair, household and fabric care segments. Godrej Consumer Products is the largest marketer of toilet soaps in the country with leading brands such as Cinthol, Fairglow, and Godrej No 1. The company is also leader in the hair colour category in India and offers a vast product such as Godrej Renew Coloursoft Liquid Hair Colours, Godrej Liquid & Powder Hair Dyes to Godrej Kesh Kala Oil, Nupur based Hair Dyes. Its liquid detergent brand Ezee is the market leader in its category. Godrej Interio Godrej Interio, the furniture arm of Godrej & Boyce Mfg Co Ltd is the largest company in the Rs 300 crore organized furniture market with a market share of 20%. It offers home and office furniture along with solutions for laboratories, hospitals and health care establishments and education and training institutes. In view of growing competition, Godrej & Boyce has been upgrading its products more often to keep up with consumer’s tastes and preferences History In 1897 a young man named Ardeshir  Godrej gave up law and turned to lock making. Its founder, Ardeshir Godrej, was a staunch nationalist and believed that India cannot win freedom unless it is economically self-reliant Ardeshir went on to make safes and security equipment of highest order, and in 1930 he stunned the world by creating toilet soap from vegetable oil. His brother Pirojsha Godrej carried Ardeshir's dream forward, leading  Godrej towards becoming  a  vibrant,  multi-business enterprise. Pirojsha  laid the foundation for the sprawling industrial garden township (ISO 14001-certified) now called Pirojshanagr in suburbs of Mumbai. In the 1944 Mumbai docks blast, Godrej safes were the only security equipment whose contents were unharmed; an equal level of product quality continues to be expected from every product bearing the Godrej brand name. Godrej management understands that the company’s greatest asset is the trust and faith that customers place in it, and recognizes that the company must continue to earn this trust. This translates to the organization delivering outstanding quality and value in everything it does. Godrej’s ethical and visionary practices have allowed the company to successfully expand into a number of businesses. COMPANY OUTLOOK: Started in 1897 as locks manufacturing company, the Godrej Group is today one of the most accomplished and diversified business houses in India. Godrej's success has been driven by the company's commitment to delivering innovation and excellence. Through the consistent application of this commitment and a century of ethical business conduct, Godrej has earned an unparalleled reputation for trust and reliability. In 1930, Godrej became the first company in the world to develop the technology to manufacture soap with vegetable oils; that spirit of innovation has continued throughout the organization's history. Today Godrej is delivering consumers exciting innovations across a spectrum of businesses. The company's pursuit of excellence is equally well established and enduring. In the 1944 Mumbai docks blast, Godrej safes were the only security equipment whose contents were unharmed; an equal level of product quality continues to be expected from every product bearing the Godrej brand name. Godrej management understands that the company's greatest asset is the trust and faith that consumers have reposed in it, and recognizes that the company must continue to earn this trust. This translates to the organization delivering outstanding quality and value in everything it does. Godrej's ethical and visionary practices have allowed the company to successfully expand Into a number of businesses. Today Godrej is a leading manufacturer of goods and provide of services in a multitude of categories: home appliances, consumer durables, consumer products, industrial products, and agri products to name a few. A recent estimate suggested that 350 million people across India use Godrej products. The group has more recently entered the real estate and information technology sectors, and management views these as avenues for enormous growth. The Godrej Group stands in a strong position today. With annual sales in excess of $1 billion, a workforce of approximately 18,000, and a strong diversified portfolio, Godrej has proven its ability to deliver strong financial performance. Board of Directors J. N. Godrej (Chairman and Managing  Director), A. B. Godrej, N. B. Godrej, V. M. Crishna, K. N. Petigara, B. A. Hathikhanavala, F. P. Sarkari, P. D. Lam, K. A. Palia and P. P. Shah Hierarchy Personal department comprises of four employees- one deputy and 3seniors under him. Over all there  are  19 plants make all different products like security systems, locks, doors, etc. Each of this plant is considered as a  separate  profit making center. Profits made by each of the plants are accounted  for  separately in its Annual report also. Management. Different levels of management are as follows: A  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Base  level  of  management In this level, new-entrants are trained about the various levels of the department’s  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Operation  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Promotion  of  product  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Technical  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Sales  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  This  level  consists  of  owners  and  M. D. Each of this level consists of three sub-sections, through which each employee has to pass to reach a higher  level. An employee, before moving into the next level, he has to  be in each sub section for  at least two years. Products and pricing of Godrej Interio Bedroom concept ? RoyaleLinea Matt ? ZurinaSquadro ? FionaLinea Glossy ? Adrianasquadron ? EROSFlutter ? MegnusChloey ? PeareMorpheus ? Dark chocolat Price Starts from Rs 450000 to 1200000 and more [pic] Living room concept ? Coffee tables ? Sofas ? Living Room concepts Price Price starts from Rs 280000 to 800000 and more. [pic] Cupboards ? Fanfasia ? Kreation ? Similire miror ZS Slimline with locker & drawer Price Price starts from Rs 1000 to 32000 for steel cupboards and Rs 25000 to 100000 for wooden cupboards [pic] Beds ? ESCAPeare Bed ? AristaVienna Bed ? OpelWilmer Bed ? Eudora BedRoyal Bed ? Megnus BedZurina Bed ? OscarEros Bed ? Thrill Hastel BedWindsor Bed ? Zeal Hastel BedFlute Bed Price Beds price starts from Rs 29000 to 210000 and more. [pic] Study Room ? Computer furniture ? Genius study centre †¢ ACE †¢ Genius study centers †¢ Talent Price Study room price starts from Rs 10000 to 70000 [pic] Dining room ? Dining rooms ? Dining chairs ? Multi purpose chairs ? Tables They also provide dining room concepts Price Dining room concept- Rs 180000 to Rs 300000 Dining table sets – Rs 17000 to 200000 [pic] Kitchen ? Accessories units ? Kitchen layouts ? Shade cards They also provide kitchen concepts Price Price depends on sq. feet of area [pic] Home Accessories ? Potpourri ? Candles and incense sticks ? Bean bags Price Price starts from Rs 2000 to 20000 [pic] Office ? Desking ? Work stations ? Seating ? Green product ? Storage Price Price depends on space [pic] Lab products ? Anti vibration tables ? Fume-woods ? Chem storage cabinets ? Safety equipment [pic] Mattress ? Coir mattress ? Latex Mattress ? Spring mattress ? Bed accessories Price Price of single mattress starts from Rs 8000 to 70000 and the price of double mattress starts from Rs 12000 to 80000 [pic] Carpets They provide various carpets in different colours [pic] Tactical pricing strategies used by Godrej Interio ? Differential pricing strategy ? Product bundle pricing ? Value pricing Targeted segmentation 1) Demographic a) Occupation 2) Psychographic b) Social class c) Lifestyle 3) Behavioral a) User status b) Purchase occasion c) Attitude towards product or service Distribution Channels They have 150 showrooms in 21 cities. They also have 800 dealer outlets. West ~ Mumbai, Ahemdabad, Pune, Bhopal, Raipur. East ~ Kolkata, Ranchi, Patna, Guwahahti, Bhubaneshwar. North ~ Delhi, Chandigarh, Faridabad-Gaziabad, Luknow, Jaipur. South ~ Kochi, Vizag, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore Godrej distributes its products from head quarters located at Piroishanager Vikhroli Mumbai Sales promotion ? Discounts and offers offered by Godrej interio for New Year. [pic] ? Exchange offer by Godrej [pic] Interio’s Green initiatives †¢ Use of natural lighting in plants saving upto 15% power. †¢ Recycling of water with reverse osmosis plant †¢ Effective utilization of in-process water. †¢ Sale of hazardous wastes only to â€Å"pollution control board† authorized parties. Community Development Godrej was one of the nation’s first corporate houses to initiate worker welfare programs. They support the Indian heritage society in Mumai. They also established schools at Udayachal. Godrej Interio partners with Anjaana Anjaani Godrej interio a well known name in home and office furniture and Godrej portal for online gaming, virtual reality and social networking both have entered into exciting associations with the movie Anjaana Anjaani. The two Godrej product offerings rewarded their lucky customers with a special meeting with the stars of the movie Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra in Mumbai on 1st October 2010. Godrej consumer products Ltd Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. (GCPL) is a major player in the Indian FMCG market with Leadership in personal, hair, household and fabric care segments. The company employs 950 people and has three state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities at Malanpur (M. P. ) Guwahati (Assam) and Baddi (H. P. ). Their focus is on providing our customers with innovative, value for money solutions for meeting their daily needs and improving the quality of their life. This is achieved through the brands the company markets. They are among the largest marketer of toilet soaps in the country with leading brands such as CINTHOL, FAIRGLOW, and GODREJ NO 1. Their FAIRGLOW brand, India's first Fairness soap, has created marketing history as one of the most successful innovations. They are the leader in the hair colour category in India and have a vast product range from GODREJ RENEW COLOURSOFT LIQUID HAIR COLOURS; GODREJ LIQUID & POWDER HAIR DYES to GODREJ KESH KALA OIL, NUPUR based Hair Dyes. Their Liquid Detergent brand EZEE is the market leader in its category. They are also the preferred supplier for contract manufacturing of toilet soaps be some of the most well-known brands in the country. They are supported in our endeavour by a state-of-the-art Research Centre based in Mumbai. Their quality products have been received very well in the international market and they are present in more than — countries across the world. They are an Equal Opportunity Employer and offer very rewarding career opportunities to People who join them. They have adopted the Total Quality Management system and our factories have received ISO certifications. Established in 1990 by Brian Boyce and Vicki Dryden Wyatt, Keyline Brands Ltd was acquired by the Godrej Group in October 2005. Keyline operates in the toiletries and personal care sector, and its portfolio includes a number of important niche brands, some of which are household names such as Cuticura, Aapri, Erasmic and Nulon. Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. (GCPL) acquisition of the South African business of Rapidol, U. K. as well as its subsidiary Rapidol International gives the company ownership of strong ethnic hair colour brands like ‘INECTO’ and ‘SOFLENE’ in ten countries. It also gives GCPL an opportunity to enhance its global presence through the Modern Trade Network and the ownership of customer listings of the INECTO and SOFLENE brands. Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. (GCPL), one of India's leading Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies acquired Godrej Global Mideast FZE on October 1, 2007. [pic] Godrej Global Mideast FZE is a 100% subsidiary of Godrej International Limited. It was established in Sharjah with the objective of distributing Godrej FMCG products in the Middle East. It has a strong network of distributors and sales personnel in countries such as Oman, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Bahrain. Godrej SCA Hygiene Limited is a Joint Venture Company between SCA Hygiene Products AB, Sweden, (SCA) and Godrej Consumer Products Limited (GCPL) It will manufacture and market paper based absorbent hygiene products, specifically sanitary napkins and baby diapers, in India, Nepal and Bhutan. SCA and Godrej Consumer Products Limited will be equal partners in the Joint Venture. FEW BRANDS REVIEW WITH PERFORMANCE Godrej renew: Renew cream hair colour is a breakthrough formulation from the Godrej Hair Care Institute, a centre dedicated to the art and science of hair care in India. The renew cream hair colour is specially designed to give vivid colours on Indian hair so that the new Renew conditions your hair, not once but twice. Thus you get twice the shine and softness. New Renew cream hair colour contains Aloe + Protein conditioners that protect and revitalize your hair while you colour it. The special after colour conditioner provides nourishment and moisture to your coloured hair, giving it a healthy shine. Renew transforms your hair and personality effortlessly. The rich, non-drip formulation is so easy to apply that it makes hair colouring a real pleasure. Renew spreads evenly on your hair to give a rich attractive colour all over that lasts for a long time. Renew cream hair colour is available in two sizes. 50ml priced at Rs. 65 (after a price discount of Rs. 15) and the new 20ml pack priced at a never before Rs. 35 (after a price discount of Rs. 5). The bigger pack is sufficient for colouring shoulder length hair and offers a range of attractive shades viz. Natural Black, Natural Brown, Burgundy, Light Brown, Light Golden Brown and CINNAMON RED (New shade). Renew 20ml is specially formulated for men and women with short hair. The new Renew 20ml pack is also ideal for touch ups. This means that you use and pay only for the quantity that you require. Now that’s a great colour at a great value. The 20ml pack is available in popular colours – Natural Black and Burgundy. About Godrej Hair Care Institute (GHCI) The Godrej Hair Care Institute is dedicated to the art and science of hair care. Set up by Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. (GCPL), the leaders in the hair colouring business in India, GHCI’s key objectives are to; Promote the cause of hair care in India, Develop products to meet the unique needs of Indian consumers, Bring international quality products within easy reach of Indian consumers, Break attitude barriers, Change perceptions and create an Understanding in the consumer about hair care and Provide a knowledge base and hands-on experience to Indian professionals through world-class hair care educational programmes. Renew Highlights: Renew Highlights is a breakthrough formulation from the Godrej Hair Care Institute, a centre dedicated to the art and science of hair care in India. Renew Highlights is a specially formulated kit that can give vivid highlights on Indian hair so that it enhances your personality. It can also be used on previously coloured hair. The special after colour conditioner provides nourishment and moisture to your coloured hair, giving it a healthy shine. You can use it at home without the hassles of going to a salon. Renew Highlights transforms your hair and personality effortlessly. The rich, non-drip formulation is so easy to apply that it makes hair highlighting a real pleasure. Renew Highlights is available in 2 vibrant shades – Blonde and Red. The product is so versatile that you can get a range of shades from a dramatic look to a subtle look by varying the time. Thus you can easily get the look that you desire. You can vary the timings to get a range of shades from Luminous Copper to Vivid Gold through the Blonde Highlights kit and from Red Burgundy to Vivid Red Streaks through the Red Highlights Kit. Renew Highlights is available at an unbelievable price of Rs. 125. â€Å"From just wanting to camouflage grey hair, colouring has evolved to a fashion and grooming accessory. There is growing awareness and appeal of different techniques of enhancing hair. The launch of Renew Highlights now offers the convenience of highlighting one’s hair within the comforts of your home. Its attractive price point of Rs. 125 will allow consumers all over the country and from all socio-economic backgrounds to transform their hair and personality in a jiffy. † All Renew Hair color Products: Renew Powder Hair Colour †¢ Uses Water as its developer. †¢ Easy to apply and does not drip. †¢ Gives natural colour to hair from root to tip. †¢ Ensures 100% grey coverage [pic][pic][pic] Godrej No. 1 Godrej No. 1, the flagship brand of Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. , is now the largest selling Grade I Soap in India. Grade 1 is the highest quality standard laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Grade 1 soap is a soap which has a minimum TFM (Total Fatty Matter) content of 76% and also has the least number of additives, thus making it a pure soap. In a similar manner, depending on the TFM content and the level of additives present in the soap, they can be further classified as Grade 2, Grade 3 as well as Bathing Bars. Consumer Feedback: -â€Å"The name of my Godrej product is Godrej No. 1 Ayurvedic soap (healthy skin). By using this Soap i feel my skin starts to glow and I think it also helps in cleaning my skin complexion. Your Product is very good†¦. — Mohsina Khan (M. P. ) -â€Å"The True Natural Beauty† Godrej No. 1 soap available in six fragrances is a wonderful product by Godrej. The soap lasts longer. Many soaps from Sunlight to Lifebouy have come in market but Godrej No. 1 Sandal is a soap with difference. Congratulations to the R&D team of Godrej !!! — Ghanshyam Bahadur Singh (U. P. ) – Hi I have been using your Godrej No. 1 Sandal soap for some time now. I came to know the Goodness of this soap from my mother who has been using it for many years now. After constant use I have seen that your soap makes my skin soft and smooth. Thank u very much for discovering such a good product I will never stop using this soap. – David Majhi (Hooghly) -We lived in India for two years and its been a few years now since we left India. We miss India terribly. But the strangest thing is we miss your Godrej No. 1- Sandal soap the most. We feel your product Godrej No. 1- Sandal is the nicest soap we have ever tried. — Bonne Wagenaar (Netherlands) -I used your Godrej No. 1 Ayurvedic some for a month and felt the difference. I no more get pimples whe n I use this soap. Even my marks have reduced. I don’t think I will ever be able to stop using this soap. — Pushpa (Nagpur) – Godrej No. 1 is really No. in my opinion. I have been using it for a long time and I am highly satisfied with this soap because of its good quality and reasonable price. — Gaurav – Hi I have been using your No. 1 sandal soap for quite some time now. Its a beautiful soap and not so costly as all the other soaps in the sandal variant. This soap is real value for money. — Mayura (Mumbai) Godrej Expert hair dye Godrej powder hair dye, the flagship brand of GCPL and market leader in the hair of colourants has won the most trusted brand award, from reader’s digest in the colour category. About product: Godrej powder hair dye, is the world’s largest selling hair dye, trusted and used by millions everyday. With its decades of expertise and unparalleled understanding of Indian hair godrej expert now brings to you 5 experts benefits to get youthful looking hair. Expert’s benefits: Colour lock formulation: It ensures uniform color absorbtion in each strand of hair and gives you longer lasting 100% grey coverage. Shampoo based dye: It helps in convenient and easy application of color. This dye spreads evenly through your hair right to its root and leaves your hair soft, young and natural. No ammonia: It assures gentle and safe dying of your hair. Nourishing conditioner: It makes hair luxury, soft, silky and shiny. Perfume: It gives you pleasant fragrance. It is available in 2 convenient sizes- a 3gm sachet for men and 6gm sachet for women which is adequate for long hair. Facts: †¢ Every second 6 experts sachet are purchased in India . †¢ If all sachets GCPL s old in year 2007-08 are lined up , they would more than cover entire parameter of India . †¢ If all experts cartoons GCPL were to be stacked the height would 300 times of that Mt. Everest. Godrej researches spent decades in researching for hair color solutions to youthful looking hair. Researchers experienced understanding of the unique hair colouring needs of Indian men and women, they continuously strive to develop products and solutions that ensure youthful looking hair. It is their appreciation and trust that has propelled godrej expert to use by millions everyday. The expert offers consumers 5 benefits which ensures that your hair looks young and so that young at heart can also look young for longer. With its unique and innovative color lock formulation the color is absorbed uniformly in each and every strand of your hair thus ensuring a longer lasting 100% grey coverage. So godrej expert has unique solution to combat effectively and ensure 100% grey coverage. It is available in super convenient powder form with a wick presence in 22lakh outlets across the nation – so you can find right near you. When it comes to looking younger trust the expertise of godrej expert – expert solutions to younger looking you. Cinthol Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. major player in the Indian FMCG Market with leadership in the personal care, hair care and fabric care categories, today unleashed 24-hour Confidence with the launch of the new, improved and expanded Cinthol range of soap, talc and deo with Bollywood’s hottest hunk Hrithik Roshan as the new brand ambassador. Cinthol the popular and much-loved brand of Godrej Consumer Products Limited (GCPL), now offers a Deo range of s oaps, talc and deo sprays in three exciting fragrances – Classic, Cologne and Sport in a trendy new packaging. It also offers Cinthol fresh soap and Cinthol Regular soap with new exciting packaging. The eye-catching and vibrant packaging symbolizes a sense of adventure, zest and action. Speaking at the launch, Mrs. Tanya Dubash, Executive Director and President (Marketing) Godrej Industries, said â€Å"The new Cinthol range is a result of research with consumers and stands for Confidence of Achievers who constantly strive to realize their aspirations without stopping. Cinthol give them 24-Hour Confidence and enables them to lead a â€Å"Don’t Stop Life†. Hrithik Roshan with his boundless energy and passion to excel was our obvious and most appropriate choice for Brand Ambassador. He exudes Confidence and doesn’t stop till he meets the high benchmarks he sets for himself. † Cinthol Brand Ambassador, Hrithik Roshan added, â€Å"It’s an honour for me to be associated with a brand like Cinthol which has such a strong legacy. As Cinthol is all about 24- Hour con fidence, energy and a ‘Don’t Stop' attitude it was very natural for me to associate with this brand. Its in perfect sync with my lifestyle & attitude† The new Cinthol range brings 24-Hour Confidence through Active Deo Formula, which controls body odor, Powerful Dry Shield that absorbs sweat, Ultra Scent Technology for long lasting fragrance and Freshness that revitalizes you 24Ãâ€"7. The New Cinthol range will be available across the country at modern retail and other outlets and will be supported by high-impact advertising on television, print, out-door, online and radio. In a significant move, Godrej Consumer Products Ltd is currently test-marketing ‘Cinthol Skin Stimulating Deo Soap’ in West Bengal and Gujarat. Depending on the consumer response, the company can going to plans a national roll-out of the new product in the near future. Godrej aim to provide consumers with their new technological breakthrough soap that has skin-stimulating beads producing essential oil. The company is also planning to beef up its distribution network by an additional 15 per cent—includes both urban and rural markets—within a year. At present, the company has around 2,000 distributors across the country. Researches revealed that the company are also planning to extend our on-going customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives called ‘Collaborative Planning, Forecasting And Replenishments (CPFAR) to additional distributors in the near future. Thus, they will reduce our inventory levels by 10 per cent. † They have also released an advertising campaign with a new tagline called ‘Get Ready’ to promote their existing product ‘Cinthol Lime Fresh’ in West Bengal and Gujarat. In the near future, they will be nationally rolling out an advertising campaign for this product as well. Cinthol Lime Fresh is the largest urban lime soap brand and its psychographic research has revealed a high correlation with the vitality segment. For the purpose, the company’s ad budget this year will grow by an additional 10 per cent, compared to the previous year. According to experts, at present, Cinthol operates in three categories and its contribution to topline is soaps 92 per cent, talcum powders 6 per cent, and deodorants two per cent. The size of the total soap market is 4. 2 lakh metric tonnes. †¢ Industry Scenario – FMCG sector growth continues to be satisfactory Strong GDP growth & good economic fundamentals – Vegetable oil prices high but show declining trend – Rupee weakened versus the USD †¢ The Company has one business segment in which it operates viz. Personal & Household Care OPERATIONS DOMESTIC BUSINESS Soaps †¢ Soap sales expanded by 26% to Rs. 183. 4 crore from Rs. 145. 3 crore during the quarter . †¢ GCPL continue s to be the second largest toilet soaps player with a market share of 9. 5% for Q2 FY20010-11 Hair Colorants †¢ Launched a new range of colours, in ammonia free powder and liquids, under the ‘Godrej Expert Hair colour’ brand Formulation incorporates colour balance technology which delivers a uniform shade to every strand of hair – Powder range is available in 4 shades –Gentle Black, Burgundy, Dark Brown and Natural Brown each priced at Rs. 10 per sachet – The liquid form is available in 3 shades – Gentle Black, Dark Brown and Natural Brown. †¢ This offers a quality colour brand at an affordable price †¢ Overall market share of the Company stood at 33. 7% for the quarter under review Liquid Detergents †¢ Launched a new range of detergent, Ezee Bright and Soft Product possess a unique Colour Guard Technology which protects the colours of the clothes – Available in 3 sizes – 500 g pack, 200 g pack and 18 g sache t Toiletries †¢ All offerings including the Cinthol range of talc and deo sprays and Godrej Deluxe shaving cream continue to deliver strong growth †¢ New range of Cinthol Deo Sprays launched in compact 75ml bottles. Category endorsed by popular Bollywood star and youth icon Hrithik Roshan Q2 Highlights Key initiatives during Q2 FY1011 †¢ Soaps – Market share for Q2 FY 10-11 is 9. 5 %. – Cinthol Deo Musk Soap Launched – Price Increase effected Hair Colours – Market share for Q2 FY 10-11 is 33. 7%. – Godrej Expert Hair Powder Hair Colour launched in 4 shades – Burgundy, Gentle black, Natural Brown & Dark Brown †¢ Liquid Detergents – Market share for Q2 FY 10-11 is 77. 1%. – Ezee Bright & Soft Liquid Detergent launched with Colour Guard Technology for non woolen clothes INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Godrej Netherlands B. V. (Consolidated) – Comprises performance of Godrej Netherlands BV, Godrej Consumer Product s (UK) Limited, Keyline Brands Limited, Inecto Limited & Inecto Manufacturing Limited) †¢ Revenue for the quarter was GBP 7. million compared to GBP 6. 4 million in the same quarter of the previous year . †¢ PAT for the quarter stood at GBP 0. 3 million in Q2 FY2008-09. †¢ The â€Å"Cuticura† Hand Hygiene range was relaunched, featuring new products such as Hand Foamer, Kids Foamer, Kids wipes and Crackling Mousse †¢ The hair color brand â€Å"Hint of Tint† was launched in Canada. †¢ Bio Oil achieved a â€Å"Signature Brand Status† in Boots – one of the highest rated qualifications for a product finding excellent consumer franchise. Rapidol Pty Ltd. †¢ Sales for the quarter were ZAR 21. 7 million as compared to ZAR 20. 50 million in the same quarter of the previous year . †¢ PAT for the quarter was ZAR 2. 6 million compared to ZAR 1. 3 million in Q2 FY2007-08 . †¢ Inecto† – Super Black, the largest sell ing hair color sub-brand in Rapidol portfolio launched its 30 Years Birthday celebrations promotions achieving a record growth in sales during the quarter. †¢ Launched two new colors under the â€Å"Inecto† Powder Hair Colors (PHC) range. The new colors Natural Brown and Auburn have been extremely successful. Kinky Group Proprietary Ltd. â€Å"Renew† Hair Colors marketed and distributed by Rapidol in South Africa for GCPL, has found excellent support Godrej Global Mideast FZE (GGME) †¢ GGME is a 100% subsidiary of Godrej International Ltd and distributes its soaps, hair colours and toiletries in the GCC and other adjacent countries †¢ Sales for the quarter under review were AED 2. 4 million †¢ New Cinthol Deo Spray launched is rolling out successfully in to new markets of GCC and the Middle East and getting new listing in retail chains Kinky Group (Proprietary) Ltd. (Kinky) †¢ This represented the second quarter of performance of the Company as a subsidiary of GCPL. For the quarter under review the Company’s sales amounted to ZAR 22. 45 million. †¢ Kinky sells a variety of products which include hair braids, hair pieces, wigs and wefted pieces along with hair accessories like styling gels, hair sprays and oil free shampoo. †¢ Kinky products are manufactured at plants located in South Africa at Johannesburg and Durban and the final products are sold through cash n carry outlets and owned stores. †¢ Opened a new â€Å"Kinky† Owned store in King Williams town, which became the 17th Owned Store for the Company. This was in quick succession to the 16th Owned store that was opened in the previous quarter after GCPL’s acquisition of the â€Å"Kinky† business. Owned Store model for the â€Å"Kinky† business is the driver for the image of the â€Å"Kinky† products, service to the consumers, pricing power and execution of high standard of merchandising which differentiates â€Å"Kinky† from the rest of the brands in this category. Installed new Information Technology systems, including Syspro and upgrading hardware as well as connectivity between factories and the H. O. and between H. O. and the Owned retail stores. Tied-up strong suppliers for raw material from China to ensure sufficient stocks to meet the growth plans †¢ The Company increased prices to match up with sharp increase in input costs which were rising in Q 1 and Q 2 and the Rand depreciating vs. US $. Godrej Consumer Products Limited. (GCPL) is one of the leading companies in the Indian FMCG market with presence in the personal and household care products. It is also one of the largest marketers of toilet soaps in the country with leading brands such as Cinthol, Godrej Fairglow and Godrej No. 1. The Company has manufacturing acilities at Malanpur (Madhya Pradesh) Baddi- Thana (Himachal Pradesh), Baddi- Katha (Himachal Pradesh), Sikkim and Guwahati (Assam). With the acquisition of 100% ownership of Keyline Brands Limited, a FMCG Company in the United Kingdom, GCPL now owns international brands and trademarks in developed markets that include Europe, Australia and Canada. The acquisition of Rapidol (Pty. ) Ltd. , South Africa ha s given GCPL ownership of Inecto and other brands in several African countries. GCPL has a 50:50 joint venture with SCA Hygiene Products AB, Sweden, known as Godrej SCA Hygiene Limited. GCPL acquired Godrej Global Mideast FZE, a 100% subsidiary of Godrej International Limited. GCPL completed the acquisition of Kinky Group (Proprietary) Ltd. , one of the leaders in the South African hair business. With this GCPL gains entry into a new line of business in the hair product portfolio. Chapter4: SWOT analysis SWOT analysis of Godrej Interio STRENGTHS: †¢ The company has wide range of branches within the country †¢ The company has wide range of product line †¢ It has a respectable and believable brand name †¢ It has large number of customers with higher satisfaction WEAKNESS: †¢ The company does not go for advertising which is one the biggest disadvantages of Godrej interio. †¢ Manpower is less at the sales officers level which directly effects on sales of the company. †¢ Lack of effective selling schemes like payment on installments etc. †¢ The sales force is not properly trained. OPPURTUNITIES: †¢ Godrej has more opportunities to grow as it has earned a good market share in the country †¢ Technical up gradation from time to time is also one of the opportunities THREATS: †¢ Growing competition in the furniture sector is a threat for Godrej

Starbucks Risk management items for this supplier global expansion Essay

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Analysis of Tesco Christmas Advert 2014 - Lights on Essay

Analysis of Tesco Christmas Advert 2014 - Lights on - Essay Example The ad ends with a tagline â€Å"Every Little Helps Make Christmas†. Tesco seems to be shifting from its messaging, which has been price-based in the past, to focusing on customers and how the supermarket can help customers over the Christmas period (Butler & Sweney, 2014: p1). The ad seeks to celebrate Christmas and the excitement that the Christmas season brings to customer, as well as Tesco’s focus on aiding the country’s citizens in useful and fun ways. Tesco’s advertising and marketing throughout the 2014 season has been based on price, especially in promoting their money-saving schemes and lower prices. However, it has been noted that this barely helped to improve Tesco’s sales, as the supermarket has been one of the worst performers in the sector with sales dropping by 3.6% in the third quarter of 2014. As a result, their new ad has sought to focus on the customer (Butler & Sweney, 2014: p1). The Tesco advertisement can be analyzed using Cialdini’s weapons of influence, in this case using the weapons of reciprocity, social proof, and liking. Cialdini (2001; p132) identifies reciprocity as one of the weapons of influence, contending that if a request is preceded by a gift that the individual did not expect, then the marketer has a better chance of convincing potential clients. In this case, the customer will feel the importance of returning the marketer’s favour. Tesco uses scenes of their staff aiding customers visiting their supermarket to choose their Christmas decorations, which they hope customers will view as a favour and will reciprocate by buying Christmas decorations from Tesco. Social norms compel people to reciprocate a favour with another (Rodgers & Thorson, 2013: p29). As such, the narrator in the Tesco ad claims that Tesco is there to help customers every step of the way during the Christmas season, making it more likely that

Impact of telecommunications in the work setting Research Paper

Impact of telecommunications in the work setting - Research Paper Example 1). Another more detailed definition of the term disclosed its meaning as the â€Å"science and technology associated, in general, with communications at a distance. A telecommunications system requires a analog or digital transmitter, a compatible receiver, and a physical (cable or wire) or non-physical (wireless) connection† (Web Finance, Inc., 2013, par. 1). Messerschmitt (1996) revealed that â€Å"the term telecommunications is derived from â€Å"tele†, meaning at a distance, and â€Å"communications†, meaning exchanging of information† (p. 1). If defining the term apparently generated voluminous results, one was more intrigued on how telecommunications have evolved and impacted the contemporary work setting. In this regard, the current discourse aims to present the impact of telecommunications in contemporary work settings, or how telecommunications have significantly shaped the work place. Historical Overview of Telecommunications A discussion on the historical background of telecommunication actually traced its origins from the discovery of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 (von Alven, 1998), 137 years from now. Previous to that, it was interesting to note that forms of communication included fire signals, carrier pigeons, and even a line of canon that relayed relevant messages (von Alven, 1998). Also, other communication patterns such as the Chappe brothers’ semaphore system which â€Å"consisted of movable arms on a pole whose positions denoted letters of the alphabet† (von Alven: Early Beginnings, 1998, par. 1) and the electric telegraph were also noted. Telecommunications in the 21st century has evolved in a rapidly changing pace due to the merging with the computer industry and the emergence of the Internet (Messerschmitt, 1996). As such, it pervaded vast industries and endeavors that transformed diverse facets of the work setting through increased access to information and through the use of ne w technologies and communications facilities that provided new applications in faster, greater and wider scope. The statistics from axvoice.com (2013) presented the changes in market shares of telecommunications in the United States from 2010 to 2015, as shown in Figure 1 below: Figure 1: Changes in Market Shares of US Telecom, 2010 to 2014 Source: Axvoice, 2013 Effect of Telecommunications in the Work Setting Telecommunications have evidently transformed contemporary work settings in terms of eliminating barriers to time, space, and locations. As confirmed â€Å"advances in telecommunications have not only untethered people from desks, but they have also made it possible for people who might traditionally be unable to be in the workforce- such as those who are caring for children, or those who are disabled- to have exciting jobs and contribute to the business community† (Alexis, 2010, par. 7). The evolution of telecommunications have enabled the establishment of diverse work settings, from the traditional office-based work place to varied work centers (Kurland & Bailey, 1999). Due to developments in telecommunications, there emerged four distinct work settings such as home-based; use of satellite offices; the existence of neighborhood work centers; and mobile working (Kurland & Bailey, 1999). This provided greater opportunities for increasing productivity, higher morale, lesser absenteeism, and minimizing costs and expenses. Likewise, through developments accorded by increased access

Design of the New Bayswater Shopping Complex Case Study

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Ryanair marketing strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ryanair marketing strategies - Assignment Example Worth noting is the fact that its low price strategy propelled the company to success for some years. However, towards the end of 2013 and part of 2014, the company experienced a decline in profits. The decline served as a warning for the company to develop better strategies so that it can survive in the industry. This paper will describe Ryanair’s low-cost strategy and highlight its recent marketing strategy, which has helped the company to rise from the decline. Ryanair is a company founded by three individuals named Christopher Ryan, Liam Lonergan, and Tony Ryan in 1985. Notably, the three of them began with a family aircraft that were determined to develop the company into a successful airline. Ryanair would soon develop to become a low-fare airline in Europe, providing customers with an opportunity to travel at cheaper rates. In 1990, the company undertook a venture of restructuring the company and focusing on the low-cost model. In 1995, the company became the greatest airline in Ireland overtaking its competitors in the country. In 1997, the company went public on the Dublin stock exchange. In 2000, the company advanced to introduce online booking for its customers. The company progressed to open up new roots and expansion of its business in the European airspace in 2004. However, in 2009, the company registered an annual loss of â‚ ¬ 169M. With such a loss, the company needed to strategize on how to get back on the right track (Dom inic OConnell 2014, p. 6). Notably, the company has five main bases Madrid, Bremen, London, Charleroi, and Marseilles. The current CEO of the company is Michael OLeary. The company’s core vision is to register evolution in line with the company’s maturity. The company’s mission is to ensure that it remains profitable and offers customers opportunities to travel at low-cost while maintaining high customer standards. Recently, the company’s vision is centred on registering

Chinese photographer, Yang Fudong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chinese photographer, Yang Fudong - Essay Example It is a cinematographic adaptation of the traditional Chinese stories. Yang is known for coming out with some of the most refreshing and impressive works in the contemporary Chinese cinema (Yu 35). Yang’s films and photos are well known for their psychological gravity and density (Yu 35). His films and photography tends to delve on the most fundamental philosophical questions marking the human existence in an intensely visual format (Yu 35). The hallmark of Yang’s art is that his photos and films aspire to blend the vivacity and verve of youthful ideas and feelings with the stark and sobering realities of life (Yu 35). In his works Yang makes stylistic references to and extends a nostalgic homage to varied salient periods and aspects of Chinese cinema (Yu 35). Yang’s photos extend symbolic answers to the questions pertaining to creativity and identity in the contemporary world. The strange thing is that Yang’s photos and films lack any discernible political

Tecnology Adventage Essay Example for Free

Tecnology Adventage Essay Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. ADVANTAGE: Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. ADVANTAGE: Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. ADVANTAGE: Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly.

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Example for Free

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Many people have their different opinions on how the world came to be. In some cases, people think that the world came to existence from what we call The Big Bang Theory, and others think it was The Almighty God that created the world. I will begin to explain what each is, the origin they came from and their evidence to support their own explanation of how the world was created. What is evolution? Well, evolution can be a difficult concept for people to come to terms with, especially if they do not have much experience with life sciences. Unfortunately, there are too many examples of people who do not understand any of it with many of these people tries to criticize evolution while promoting creationism. Evolution is not a minor matter; it is, in fact, the cornerstone of all modern biology. What is creationism? Like evolution, creationism can have more than one meaning. At its most basic, creationism is the belief that the universe was created by The Almighty God. In some cases, it even is stated that creationism is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth, out of nothing, by an act of free will. Many might say that the origins of the evolution came to terms that the universe, with all it contains (space, time, matter and energy) exploded from nothing which is considered The Big Bang, and is the accepted theory among the majority of evolutionists. Evolution is a very unique â€Å"science.† Unlike the origin of creationism, were people believe that it came from The Almighty God. This generally means the taking of the Bible, particularly the early chapters of Genesis, as literally true guides to the history of the universe and to the history of life, including us humans, down here on earth. In a way, creationism is more of a restricted sense of a variety of beliefs that people have in this century and previous ones as well. The evidence that support these findings is very different in many aspects. People say that with evolution, the evidence is very visible. For example, there is biochemical evidence, genetic evidence, and also fossil evidence for how evolution came about. But in creationism, there isn’t any evidence to support it whatsoever. Understanding evolution over creationism is greatly aided by a better understanding of what kinds of evidence exist out there as well as how and why all the evidence clearly supports evolutionary theory but not creationist religion.

Nestle vs Cadbury: Financial Analysis

Nestle vs Cadbury: Financial Analysis The report mainly analyzes and compares two companies financial reports between 2005 and 2008. The two companies chosen are CADBURY PLC and NESTLE SA. Both of them are renowned in consumer business and are transnational enterprises. The differences between them are NESTLE SA is a Swiss company and listed in several stock exchanges, while the CADBURY PLC origins from United Kingdom and is listed in the London Security Exchange (LSE). Referring to their core businesses, Nestle SA groups principal activities are to manufacture, process and sell food products, including diary, confectionery and culinary products, coffee, beverage and drinking water, Besides this, they also sell ancillary equipment. Similarly Cadbury groups principal activity is also to manufacture, distribute and sell confectionery products. Its products consist of three categories: chocolate, gum and candy. Thus in the overlap fields, the competition between them exists all the time. The purpose of this report is to eva luate their financial performance in past four year since 2005. The structure of the report will be as follows. The first part will list the reformulate financial statements, including balance sheets and income statements of the two companies from 2005 to 2008, respectively. The second part will calculate relative ratios based on the reformulated statements; then on basis of these ratios, analyze their probability and growth; finally compare them on the common size, and research their trend during the research period as well. The last part will discuss the result and make a conclusion. Reformulate financial statement In the following part, the two firms reformulate balance sheet and income statement will be exhibited. Note: taxes are calculated at 30% according to the UK tax Note: the taxes includes withholding taxes on income from foreign sources, as well as Swiss taxes for which adequate provisions have been established. Analysis of profitability The key indicator for profitability is ROCE-Return on Common Equity. ROCE reflects the average earnings of common shareholders equity. Under the premise of maximize shareholders interests, its a comprehensive indicator to evaluate the production and operation of an enterprise. It can be clearly seen from the chart that the ROCE of Cadbury increased almost 100% from 2005 to 2006 followed by a sharp decrease in 2007, and then kept steady in 2008. Specific ratios about profitability are as following: As we can seen from the table above, the Financial Leverage of Cadbury was decreasing from 2005 to 2008. Opposite trend can be seen in Net Borrowing Costs which increased from 0.0345 to 0.515. The significant increase in ROCE in 2006 is mainly because the suddenly increase of RNOA in that year. The Asset turnover was fluctuated slightly around 1 during 2005 to 2008. The PM saw an incredible increase in 2006 but fall sharply in 2007. So the PM is the main cause for the change of ROCE in Cadbury. FLEV FLEV = NFO/CSE The financial leverage of Cadbury was decreasing. As we can seen from the chart, the NFO is decreasing generally while the CSE is relatively steady. Third-level Breakdown: PM: Generally speaking, both sales PM and other items PM are is an increasing trend. It can be clearly seen that Sales PM is the main source of PM. The cause of the significant increase in ROCE, RNOA, PM in 2006 is because the other items PM increased to an unusual level. Selling, General admin expenses were steady for Cadbury while the Gross Margin continuously increased from 2005 to2008. ATO: The ATO drivers are shown in the following table: Nestle It can be clearly seen from the line chart that the ROCE of Nestle keeps a good trend of increasing, especially in 2008. The ROCE of Nestle in 2008 was 0.15 more than that in 2007. Trough the table above, we can see that the RNOA of Nestle was increasing from 2005 to 2008.The NBC was fluctuated around 0.05. The FLEV of Nestle had a increasing trend although a slight decrease can be seen in 2008. It can be clearly seen in the bar chart that both sales PM and other items PM are very steady from 2005 to 2006, significant increase can be seen in both the two kind of PM. The components for sales PM of Nestle from 2005 to 2008 had not been changed much. All of them were steady. Comparison It can be clearly seen from the chart that the ROCE of Nestle was increasing in the past 4 years while ROCE of Cadbury dropped about 80% from 2006 to 2008. In 2005, ROCE of Cadbury is higher than that of Nestle. But after a 4-year increasing, the ROCE of Nestle had catch up and even 0.25 higher than ROCE of Cadbury in 2008. In terms of RNOA, it is similar to the situation of ROCE, thus the profitability of operational assets of Nestle is better than that of Cadbury. In terms of NBC, they are almost the same, that means the expenses they used on financial obligation were almost the same and very steady. In terms of FLEV, the FLEV of Cadbury is much larger than that of Nestle, which means Cadbury faced with more risk. The OLLEV of Cadbury is larger than Nestle too. It illustrates that Cadbury relies more on liabilities both in operation and general. The PM and ATO of Nestle are both larger than those of Cadbury. The larger the ATO is, the better the firms ability on sales is. That mean s the ability on sales of Nestle is better than Cadbury. In a nutshell, the profitability of Nestle is generally better than Cadbury according to the past 4 years data. Analysis of Growth It is a sensible way to view growth in terms of growth in residual earning as a growth firm is ones that can grow residual earnings. Changes in residual earnings are driven by return on common equity (ROCE), the amount of common shareholder investment (CSE), and the cost of capital. We focus on the analysis of changes in ROCE and CSE. Analysis of Growth in ROCE Return on common equity (ROCE) is driven by operations and by the financing of the operations. So the change in ROCE is explained in two parts: 1. Analysis of Changes in Operations There are two kinds of components in explaining changes in profitability (RNOA). One is generated by repetitive business called core income, while the other is referred to as unusual items (UI) or transitory items, which applies to a particular period, and so are nonrecurring. It is important to distinguish core and unusual components of RNOA in the analysis.The great volatility of RNOA in 2007 and 2006 is largely caused by the changes in unusual items which are not lasting. It is proven in 2008 when RNOA changes little with few UIs. Unusual item, asset turnover and profit margin play an important role in the change of RNOA in 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. In general, unusual items contribute to the growth of RNOA less in Nestle than in Cadbury. It seems that Nestle is more likely to generate profits from sales.. 2. Analysis of Changes in Financing Changes in RNOA partially explain changes in ROCE. The explanation is completed by an examination of financing. It can be separated into three parts: changes in operating profitability, changes in spread and changes in leverage. For Cadbury, the changes in ROCE in past four year are largely due to the rise or drop of core operations or spreads, rather than changes in leverage. For Nestle, the situation is quite similar expect in 2007. The growth of ROCE that year was almost totally due to the financial leverage. On the whole, it can be concluded that the change in ROCE is driven by core operation to a large extent rather than by changes in leverage in these two companies. Analysis of Growth in Equity Investment The change in CSE can be explained by three components: change in sales at previous level of asset turnover plus change in asset turnover while minus change in financial leverage. Cadbury shows a decline trend in CSE as their sales drop sharply in past four years. Nevertheless, Nestle exhibits a relatively smooth rise trend in both CSE and sales. It can be derived that sales growth is the primary driver of the change in CSE but sales growth requires more investment in net operating assets, which is financed by either net debt or equity. And investments earn through ROCE and the factors that drive ROCE. Together, investment and ROCE drive residual earnings and abnormal earnings growth. It has been recognized that there is a tension to growing CSE. Equity investment can easily be increased by issuing new shares or reducing dividends. But the new equity might not be used wisely. It could be invested in projects with low RNOA or financial assets with low return, reducing ROCE, residual earnings, and value. Common size analysis Common size analysis on balance sheet Compare the operating section of common-size Balance sheets of the two companies between 2005 and 2008 respectively, the result will be shown in exhibit 5. Take the comparison in 2007 as an example. From exhibit, we can know clearly the composition of operating assets for the two firms. For both of the two firms, the most important part in the operating assets is Other Assets, the reason might be the intangible assets take a huge amount in the two companies. In Cadbury, other assets occupied up to 62.08%, much more than that in Nestle SA, which is only 40.56%. The second most important part is Other Investments, occupied 21.59% in the Operating Assets for Nestle SA and 17.84% for Cadbury. Following this, it is Receivables Net, 15.09% for Nestle SA, compared with 10.64% for Cadbury. Besides this, Investment in Unconsol Subsidiaries for Nestle SA is 8.74% but for Cadbury, it is only 0.30%. In other three years, the composition is almost the same. Refer to the composition of Operating Liabilities for the two companies. For Nestle SA, the most important two parts are Account Payable and Provision for Risk and Charges, which account for 51.50% and 30.81%, respectively. By contrast, the most important parts of Operating Liabilities for Cadbury are Other Current Liabilities and Deferred Taxed, which take up for 35.89% and 30.69%. The situation did not change too much in other research years, except in 2008, Deferred Taxed for Cadbury decreased hugely, from 30.69% to -2.15%. The huge change might be caused by the reassessment of capital losses and the tax basis of goodwill on the classification of Australia Beverages as an asset held for sale in Cadbury. Common size analysis on income statement Exhibit 6 compares the reformulated income statements of Cadbury and Nestle on the basis of common-size. Given the Operating expense, the two companies have similar cost structure. With higher cost of sales (47.58%), Cadbury charge approximately 10% less in General expense than Nestle while the difference between the depreciation costs of the two companies are small. However, when the Nestle cost 0.24% in Other operating expense per dollar of sales, Cadbury has no Other operation costs. In comparison with 10.09% Operating profit margin from sales in Cadbury, this margin in Nestle is just a litter higher with 10.57%, the extraordinarily small difference is due to a higher gross income and also a higher general expense in Nestle. However, due to the significant extraordinary charge in Cadbury, its profit reduced to only 6.62% while the Operating income increased a bit to 11.22% attributable to the earnings from equity interest. Comparing with the earning of a net 5.09% per dollar of sales in Cadbury, Nestle earns approximately 10%. The profits are correspondingly decreased by 1.51% and 0.64% owing to financing activities. Trend analysis In this part, we will analysis how financial items have changed over time for the two firms. For both of the cases, the index is 100 for the base year of 2004. For Cadbury, Accounts Receivable, Inventories and Property, plant and equipment have grown steadily in the first three years, but decreased in 2008, which resulted huge decreasing in Operating Assets in 2008. Additionally, the Operating Liabilities fluctuated volatile from 2005 to 2008, contributed to the similar change to Net Operating Assets. Cadburys 2008 Net operating Assets decrease rate was 30.00%, compared with the 50.00% decrease in Net Financial Obligations in the same year. In 2008, Common Shareholders equity decreased by 20.00%, which indicated that the owners investment was declined. Given the income, the sales of Cadbury decreased a bit in 2005, followed by a continuous grow up in the next two years with 110% and 118% but drops dramatically by almost 20% in 2008. The expense of sales in 2007 is higher than other years with 131 percent while it stays stably in other years. Because the costs of sales have grown quickly than revenue of sales, gross income grow up at a lower rate. The sales of Cadbury in 2005 decrease by nearly 4 percent and grow at the rate of 14.58% and 7.2% in 2007 and 2007 respectively, compared with a significant decline (32.45%) in 2008. Because of a low operating expense in 2005, the operating income from sales in 2005 has an 11% growth compared with the 7% decrease in gross margin. At the same time, though the company has reduced the expense in 2008, the income from sales also lower than 60%. Finally, the comprehensive income grows up to 177% in 2005, followed by a high growth rate of 136.74% owing to a gain from asset sales. However, this i ncome to common is only 93 and 84 percent of that in 2004. For Nestle SA, the steady growth in all of the indexes happened in 2005, 2006 and 2007, but the trend changed in 2008, decrease in these indexes appeared, especially for the Net financial Obligations, it decreased by a much huge amount, almost 50.00%, which is discerned in exhibit 8. The revenues from sales grow up stably over the four years with 8.1%, 9.2% and 2.42% growth rate. Correspondingly, the comprehensive incomes increase bit by bit as well with 119%, 137%, 158% from 2005 to 2007 and due to a large gain from other income, the income in 2008 is high to 268%, which presents a greater growth trend in comparison to the Cadbury. Looking forward In comparison with the stably growth in Nestle since 2005, Cadbury suffers a significant decrease up to 20% in sales. In 2008, Cadbury increase its price, which may be a important reason for the decline combing with the global economic crisis. For Cadbury, in 2009 and even the next few years, it will in a difficult situation to against the unexpected global economic outlook and the high cocoa prices. On the other hand, the company of Nestle shows a bright prospect.

Vouchers and School Choice More Effective than Affirmative Action Essay

School Choice More Effective than Affirmative Action If America is to become an equal society, then the direction of affirmative action must be changed. Rather than continuing to focus the brunt of our efforts on helping those individuals near the top succeed, we must implement policies designed to provide opportunities to those individuals at or near the bottom. Specifically, affirmative action must return to its original purpose--helping minorities move into the middle class through programs based upon equality of educational opportunity and job creation. Affirmative action is still needed, but its efforts must be redirected. The truth is that minorities poised to break through the glass ceiling will do so, based upon sheer ability, but minorities on the bottom rungs of society need help to break through the cellar ceiling. These are the individuals for whom affirmative action can do the most good, consequently, these are the people upon whom our efforts should be focused. When affirmative action was first instituted, the majority of Americans supported its goal of moving the poorest members of minority groups to an improved position in society. Over time, however, affirmative action proponents have lost sight of this goal. Affirmative action programs have ceased to function as a rising tide designed to lift all boats and have instead become preoccupied with helping those near the top. Too little attention has been paid to helping those at the bottom, as a result, the lives of minorities living in poverty have become increasingly bleak. Today, our inner-cities more closely resemble a war zone in Bosnia than they do an American suburb, and conditions continue to deteriorate. This is wrong, an... ...lem's economy would come to resemble Hong Kong's. True "opportunity zones" would attract the capital needed for job creation, and increased employment will be the engine that transforms our inner-cities from war zones back to hospitable places to live. Today, the need for affirmative action remains strong, but the current programs must be replaced with programs that help the poorest minorities. Affirmative action programs must return to their original purpose. Instead of advocating programs that benefit individuals already poised to succeed, proponents of affirmative action must fight for those individuals who are suffering the most. We, as Americans, have a responsibility to help our Nation's poorest minorities. Policies of school choice and "opportunity zones" will help us meet this responsibility by increasing educational and employment opportunities.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Idealism in the Knights Tale Essay exampl

Idealism in the Knight's Tale      Ã‚   Despite its glorified accounts of the chivalrous lives of gentlemen, the Knight ¹s Tale proves to be more than a tragically romantic saga with a happy ending. For beneath this guise lies an exploration into the trifling world of the day ¹s aristocratic class. Here, where physical substance is superseded by appearance, reality gives way to disillusioned canon and emotion is sacrificed for honor. Naà ¯ve idealism emerges as the dominant characteristic of the seemingly flawless knight and we, as the reader, are asked to discern the effect of this fanciful quality on the story as a whole.    To further investigate this argument one basic premise must be established as the groundwork: Theseus is the character with whom the knight most closely associates himself. Upholding "trouthe and honour" in their conquests of battle and noble rule, both epitomize the sacred rite of "chivalrie". In the Knight ¹s Tale, nearly all the attributes with which he is praised in the Prologue are directly used in correlation with the duke. Thus, the language and actions of Theseus throughout the story can be superimposed onto the knight. These connections, along with the selective narration of the knight, allow the reader to observe the essence of their gallantry and the disparities that exist in this lifestyle. Undoubtedly Chaucer intended this to be a biting attack on the aristocracy, which to so many seemed impeccable.    Generalized and idyllic, the voice of the narrator offers the first clue into the puzzle of the knight. With well-chosen words, he tiptoes through the plot, careful never to pass any judgement on the characters and their actions. His high language all but excludes ... ...ered a gypon Al bismotered with his habergeon, For he was late ycome from his viage,    Works Cited and Consulted Elbow, Peter. "How Chaucer Transcends Oppositions in the Knight's Tale." Chaucer Review. Vol. 7. No. 2. Ed. Robert Frank. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University, 1972. Finalyson, John. "The Knight's Tale: The Dialogue Of Romance, Epic, And   Philosophy." Chaucer Review. Vol. 27. No. 2. Ed. Robert Frank. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University, 1992. Frost, William. "An Interpretation of Chaucer's Knight's Tale." Chaucer Criticism. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard Schoeck. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1960. Roney, Lois. Chaucer's Knight's Tale and Theories of Scholastic Psychology.  Ã‚   Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990. Spearing, A.C. The Knight's Tale. London: Cambridge University Press, 1966.   

British “Raj” in India

British Raj is associated with British rule in the Indian subcontinent. The period embraces 1858-1947. The region which we call India nowadays was under the rule of the United Kingdom and was called the British Indian Empire. Great Britain started to expand its power in India in the beginning of the 1800s and in the middle India was under the full control of the British Empire. Nevertheless, India tried to rebel against expansion and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 appeared to be a turning point in the British history in Indian region.India tried to resist British rule as Britain provided their life standards which contradicted Indian way of life. For example, the British Empire provided cow fat and pork which were unacceptable for Hinduism being practiced in India. Nevertheless, the rebellion had failed and the British Empire provided a number of reforms which included recruitment of Indians into the civil service and tolerance of religion. The reforms aimed at preventing further refor ms through conciliation and to strengthen the British military.Many historians argue that the British Empire didn’t try to take full control over the Indian region, but when rebellion started to threaten British interest, it had to step in. McNamara writes that â€Å"resentment toward the British had been building for some time and new policies which allowed the British to annex some areas of India exacerbated tensions†. (McNamara, 1998) The office of the Viceroy became the first embodiment of the new British Raj in India. When Prime Minister Disraeli proclaimed Queen Victoria as â€Å"Empress of India† in 1876, the affection the British crown felt for its colony.Throughout the remainder of the 19th century the British Raj continued and was characterized by unpopular policies caused emergence of series of Indian nationalist movements. Only after 1947 India had managed to gain certain independence and sovereignty from the British Empire. In 1947 the British India n Empire was divided into the union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Bibliography McNamara, Robert. 1998. â€Å"The British Raj Defined India Throughout the 1800s†. Database on-line. Available from http://history1800s. about. com/od/thebritishempire/tp/indiatimeline01. htm

Altruism-John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy once said conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth. Which is true the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to what individuals perceive is normal to their society or social group makes them apart of the masses. Which makes me think; of the many different ways people submit there self into that category. For example watching someone be sexually assaulted and stabbed to death outside of an apartment building but never calling the police to help or even attempting to help yourself. That’s what happen to Kitty Genovese and she had thirty-eight witnesses.Why was it that thirty-eight people stood there and watch her murder? Because they were too busy diffusing the responsibility for the simple fact that all these people are around someone must have called. As humans we do that a lot not help someone on the side of the road because they must have someone coming to help, never look at the screaming nose outside you don’t want to g et involve, don’t help that person who’s being attack; diffusion of responsibility: Diffusing the responsibility of yourself being involved into a situation that might put you in danger.That seem reasonably but how about when you do something that doesn’t benefit you in anyway but you do it because it makes everyone else happy; this is altruism. Let say someone did go and help Kitty Genovese they could have been seriously injured but Kitty Genovese would have had her life. Altruism is any nice gesture you do for someone else at the expense of yourself it doesn’t mean you can't satisfaction from your acts. In most cases of altruism you would enjoy it but the con of it is sometimes you can’t say â€Å"No† when you should be saying no.You’re doing what others want you to do when that’s not what’s in your heart to do. All I know is that more people should stand up for others because in any case you would want people to ignor e you in your time of need. I can’t really say how to get help but if you’re in danger caught people’s attention, say something important, but most of all caught someone attention. One thing I must say be safe in this crazy world we call earth .

Is the ‘Philosophy of Swine’ Objection a Telling Criticism of Utilitarian Theory?

â€Å"Is the ‘philosophy of swine’ objection a telling criticism of Utilitarian theory? Why or why not? † Philosophy of swine. This was mentioned by Mill criticizing Bentham’s utilitarianism. Before looking at Mill’s criticism, historical background of the birth of utilitarianism should be discussed ahead. Utilitarianism arose in the Industrial Revolution period. As nations became industrialized in the eighteenth century, bourgeois: an industrial middle class, appeared demanding new political and economic theory which would support their own interests.In the economic sphere, Adam Smith introduced laissez-faire theory following new era’s request. However, political theory was still remaining at social contract theory of the seventeenth century. Especially, as Britain was enjoying its period of political and constitutional stability after the Glorious Revolution, social contract theory which explains legitimacy of a government didn’t attr act people’s attention any more. Going through the social fluctuations, Bentham came up with an idea called ‘utilitarianism’. Bentham’s theory was remarkably progressive that he was considered as philosophical radicals.In accordance with the bourgeois’ demand for theory appropriate to those days, Bentham’s utilitarianism was based on a very simple premise; every man pursues happiness. A single behavior is determined to be moral or not by whether it creates happiness. This makes utilitarianism solely focus on the consequence of the act. Bentham also insists that every choice should be made toward the maximization of utility. Regarding making political decisions, we should follow the policy that yields ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’.However, Bentham’s theory is denounced by Mill, because it doesn’t acknowledge the objective standard of values. When Bentham deals with the happiness, that only count is the total aggregation of the amount of happiness. The standard and quality of the pleasure is totally disregarded. For example, there is no difference in quality between satisfied satiety after eating delicious food and the feeling of academic accomplishment. However, Mill completes Utilitarianism criticizing and supplementing this quantitative utilitarianism. It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. † This famous phrase denotes that human happiness is inseparable from the question of quality, and there exists much higher level of pleasure. It is reasonable for Mill to criticize Bentham’s utilitarianism as the philosophy of swine. However, not all utilitarian theories should be regarded as the swine philosophy. Mill developed qualitative utilitarianism with this criticism and also established liberalism thoughts on this ground, which still has a significant impact on today’s poli tical theory.Thus, the answer to the given question is partly yes and partly no. This essay will endeavor to explain that utilitarianism is more than just hedonism; utilitarianism completed by Mill, liberal thoughts suggested in On Liberty, and its impact on present society will be discussed further. First of all, Mill introduced the concept of quality to existing utilitarianism. He suggested that â€Å"some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others. † Mental pleasure is much superior to physical and instinctive pleasure, because only human beings can experience the former.For this reason, Mill’s utilitarianism is often called humanized utilitarianism. Another factor that distinguishes Mill from Bentham is that his idea of compatibility between individual utility and social utility. This argument is also used when criticizing Bentham who saw human beings as selfish entities. Contrarily, Mill concluded that men do not always pursue an immediate profit. Of course, human beings are fundamentally self-centered, but they can give up present interests since they can see the future through long-term perspective.For example, volunteer workers who seek for positive change in the future cannot be explained by Bentham’s standpoint. Human beings have an element that enables them to sacrifice themselves and find their lives worth living for social utility. In this way, Mill completed more refined utilitarian theory emphasizing the harmony between individual and society. In his famous work On Liberty, Mill put great emphasis on social liberty as well as individual liberty. He relates human behavior with social utility and stresses again that human beings are not obsessed with immediate interests.He says that â€Å"I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being. † What we should take note from t his is that human beings are progressive. This is the distinctive part where Mill’s theory excels Bentham’s. Aforementioned, men can desert present interest since they are progressive entities, expecting future advantages. In a word, Mill upgraded the notion of utility to the means to men’s durable profits. The concept ‘utility’ is used in modern political philosophy in relation to welfare.In this manner, utilitarianism, from the nineteenth century to present days, has worked as a central part of political theories, and has had a great influence on democracy as a foundation of liberalism. Thus, to condemn utilitarianism as hedonistic theory cannot be justified. The last factor defending utilitarianism from such criticism is that it provides a basic ground for securing freedom of thought and speech. This is also closely connected with utilitarianism which formed the basis of Mill’s theory. Individual freedom should be guaranteed under any circ umstances, because it is directly correlated to social utility.Mill particularly gives priority to freedom of thought and speech more than any other freedom. The premise of the freedom of thought and speech is that every opinion has a possibility of being a fallacy. Mill insists that â€Å"If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth. † This can be justified from the utilitarian perspective, because every opinion, albeit it is a minority opinion, is possible enough to contribute to the progress of the society. All thoughts and expressions have utility for the development of humanity.The fact known to us as a truth can turn out to be false at any time; the Copernican theory exploded pervading heliocentric theory and Einstein’s theory of relativity reversed existing scientific system. Consequentially, a maximum guaranteed freedom produces increased happiness for mankind. This is a crucial part of liberalism that emphasizes t he minimization of the government intervention in individuals for every person’s freedom. Liberalism established by Mill became the very foundation of western political philosophy until Rawls’ theory appears.From this, the importance of utilitarianism is induced; it is more than just hedonistic theory. So far we’ve gone through some reasons why utilitarianism is not the philosophy of swine that appeals to human instinct, putting Mill’s idea at the center. It is true that early utilitarian thinker Bentham suggested somewhat hedonistic theory. However, his idea of utilitarianism that consequence counts the most has worked as a fundamental root of utilitarianism and was revised, developed, and completed by Mill. Swine philosophy objection is only valid when criticizing Bentham, but it is also ard to deny that Bentham did contribute to the establishment of modern political thoughts by setting up a radical theory of that time. Thus, swine objection seems hard to be an effective critique to utilitarianism. (1,195 words) Bibliography Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government. London: Dent, 1972. Mulgan, Tim. Understanding Utilitarianism. Stocksfield U. K. : Acumen, 2007. Riley, Jonathan. Liberal Utilitarianism: social choice theory and J. S. Mill’s Philosophy.Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Riley, Jonathan. â€Å"What are Millian Qualitative Superiorities? † Prolegomena: Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 1 (2008): 61-79. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Jeremy Bentham, â€Å"Of the Principle of Utility,† in An Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907), 1-7. [ 2 ]. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Gover nment (London; Dent, 1972), 9. [ 3 ]. Ibid. , 7. [ 4 ]. Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government, 74. [ 5 ]. Ibid. , 79.